Trading spaces : Computation, representation, and the limits of uninformed learning. Commentary. Authors' response
Identifieur interne : 00CF16 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 00CF15; suivant : 00CF17Trading spaces : Computation, representation, and the limits of uninformed learning. Commentary. Authors' response
Auteurs : A. Clark [États-Unis] ; C. Thornton [Royaume-Uni] ; I. S. N. Berkeley [États-Unis] ; J. A. Bullinaria [Royaume-Uni] ; N. Chater [Royaume-Uni] ; R. I. Damper [Royaume-Uni] ; T. Dartnall [Australie] ; P. F. Dominey [France] ; M. Elton [Royaume-Uni] ; M. G. Gaskell [Royaume-Uni] ; R. M. Golden [États-Unis] ; K. Haberlandt [États-Unis] ; G. S. Halford [Australie] ; K. Kurtz [États-Unis] ; D. Leiser [Israël] ; G. Marcus [États-Unis] ; D. Memmi [France] ; J. Oberlander [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Ohlsson [États-Unis] ; P. Skokowski [Royaume-Uni] ; R. S. Stufflebeam [États-Unis] ; N. Szilas [Canada] ; T. R. Shultz [Canada] ; A. Vinter [France] ; P. Perruchet [France] ; A. Wells [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Behavioral and brain sciences [ 0140-525X ] ; 1997.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Méthode statistique, Homme.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Some regularities enjoy only an attenuated existence in a body of training data. These are regularities whose statistical visibility depends on some systematic recoding ofthe data. The space of possible recodings is, however, infinitely large - it is the space of applicable Turing machines. As a result, mappings that pivot on such attenuated regularities cannot, in general, be found by brute-force search. The class of problems that present such mappings we call the class of "type-2 problems." Type-1 problems, by contrast, present tractable problems of search insofar as the relevant regularities can be found by sampling the input data as originally coded. Type-2 problems, we suggest, present neither rare nor pathological cases. They are rife in biologically realistic settings and in domains ranging from simple animat (simulated animal or autonomous robot) behaviors to language acquisition. Not only are such problems rife - they are standardly solved! This presents a puzzle. How, given the statistical intractability of these type-2 cases, does nature turn the trick? One answer, which we do not pursue, is to suppose that evolution gifts us with exactly the right set of recoding biases so as to reduce specific type-2 problems to (tractable) type-1 mappings. Such a heavy-duty nativism is no doubt sometimes plausible. But we believe there are other, more general mechanisms also at work. Such mechanisms provide general (not task-specific) strategies for managing problems of type-2 complexity. Several such mechanisms are investigated. At the heart of each is a fundamental ploy - namely, the maximal exploitation of states of representation already achieved by prior, simpler (type-1) learning so as to reduce the amount of subsequent computational search. Such exploitation both characterizes and helps make unitary sense of diverse range of mechanisms. These include simple incremental learning (Elman 1993), modular connectionism (Jacobs et al. 1991), and the developmental hypothesis of "representational redescription" (Karmiloff-Smith 1979; 1992). In addition, the most distinctive features of human cognition - language and culture - may themselves be viewed as adaptations enabling this representation/computation trade-off to be pursued on an even grander scale.
Affiliations:
- Australie, Canada, France, Israël, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Bourgogne, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri (État), Québec, Rhône-Alpes, Sussex de l'Est, Écosse
- Amherst (Massachusetts), Brighton, Chicago, Dijon, Falmer, Grenoble, Lyon, Montréal, Saint-Louis (Missouri), Édimbourg
- Université McGill, Université Washington de Saint-Louis, Université d'Édimbourg, Université de l'Illinois à Chicago, Université du Massachusetts, Université du Sussex
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Leiser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</s1><s2>Beer Sheva</s2><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Israël</country><wicri:noRegion>Beer Sheva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, G" sort="Marcus, G" uniqKey="Marcus G" first="G." last="Marcus">G. Marcus</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts</s1><s2>Amherst, MA 01003</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Memmi, D" sort="Memmi, D" uniqKey="Memmi D" first="D." last="Memmi">D. Memmi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>LEIBNIZ-IMAG-CNRS, 46 avenue Felix Viallet</s1><s2>38000 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oberlander, J" sort="Oberlander, J" uniqKey="Oberlander J" first="J." last="Oberlander">J. Oberlander</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Human Communication Research Centre, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh EH8 9LW Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohlsson, S" sort="Ohlsson, S" uniqKey="Ohlsson S" first="S." last="Ohlsson">S. Ohlsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M/C 285)</s1><s2>Chicago, IL 60607-7137</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Chicago, IL 60607-7137</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skokowski, P" sort="Skokowski, P" uniqKey="Skokowski P" first="P." last="Skokowski">P. Skokowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>McDonnell-Pew Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Oxford University</s1><s2>Oxford, OX1 3UD</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Oxford, OX1 3UD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stufflebeam, R S" sort="Stufflebeam, R S" uniqKey="Stufflebeam R" first="R. S." last="Stufflebeam">R. S. Stufflebeam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program, Washington University, Campus Box 1073</s1><s2>St. Louis, MO 63130-4899</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>St. Louis, MO 63130-4899</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szilas, N" sort="Szilas, N" uniqKey="Szilas N" first="N." last="Szilas">N. Szilas</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Department of Psychology, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shultz, T R" sort="Shultz, T R" uniqKey="Shultz T" first="T. R." last="Shultz">T. R. Shultz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Department of Psychology, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinter, A" sort="Vinter, A" uniqKey="Vinter A" first="A." last="Vinter">A. Vinter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>L.E.A.D., C.N.R.S., University of Bourgogne</s1><s2>21000 Dijon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Bourgogne</region><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perruchet, P" sort="Perruchet, P" uniqKey="Perruchet P" first="P." last="Perruchet">P. Perruchet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>L.E.A.D., C.N.R.S., University of Bourgogne</s1><s2>21000 Dijon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Bourgogne</region><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, A" sort="Wells, A" uniqKey="Wells A" first="A." last="Wells">A. Wells</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Department of Social Psychology, The London School of Economics and Political Science</s1><s2>London WC2A 2AE</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>London WC2A 2AE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">97-0434999</idno><date when="1997">1997</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 97-0434999 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:97-0434999</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">006943</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">006726</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">006589</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">006589</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0140-525X:1997:Clark A:trading:spaces:computation</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">00E025</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">00CF16</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">00CF16</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Trading spaces : Computation, representation, and the limits of uninformed learning. Commentary. Authors' response</title><author><name sortKey="Clark, A" sort="Clark, A" uniqKey="Clark A" first="A." last="Clark">A. Clark</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Philosophy/Neuroscience/Psychology Program, Washington University in St. Louis</s1><s2>St Louis, MO 63130</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Washington de Saint-Louis</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thornton, C" sort="Thornton, C" uniqKey="Thornton C" first="C." last="Thornton">C. Thornton</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex</s1><s2>Brighton, BN1 9QH</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Brighton</settlement><settlement type="town">Falmer</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Sussex de l'Est</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Sussex</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berkeley, I S N" sort="Berkeley, I S N" uniqKey="Berkeley I" first="I. S. N." last="Berkeley">I. S. N. Berkeley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Philosophy, The University of South western Louisiana, P.O. Box 43770</s1><s2>Lafayette, LA 70504</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Lafayette, LA 70504</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bullinaria, J A" sort="Bullinaria, J A" uniqKey="Bullinaria J" first="J. A." last="Bullinaria">J. A. Bullinaria</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Speech and Language, Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College</s1><s2>London WC1E 7HX</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>London WC1E 7HX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chater, N" sort="Chater, N" uniqKey="Chater N" first="N." last="Chater">N. Chater</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Warwick</s1><s2>Coventry, CV4 7AL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Coventry, CV4 7AL</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damper, R I" sort="Damper, R I" uniqKey="Damper R" first="R. I." last="Damper">R. I. Damper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Cognitive Sciences Centre and Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton</s1><s2>Southampton SO17 1BJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dartnall, T" sort="Dartnall, T" uniqKey="Dartnall T" first="T." last="Dartnall">T. Dartnall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Computing and Information Technology, Griffith University</s1><s2>Brisbane, 4116</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Brisbane, 4116</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominey, P F" sort="Dominey, P F" uniqKey="Dominey P" first="P. F." last="Dominey">P. F. Dominey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>INSERM U94</s1><s2>69500 Bron</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69500 Bron</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>INSERM U94</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>INSERM U94</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>CNRS EP-100</s1><s2>69008 Lyon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>69008 Lyon</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elton, M" sort="Elton, M" uniqKey="Elton M" first="M." last="Elton">M. Elton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Department of Philosophy, University of Stirling</s1><s2>Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaskell, M G" sort="Gaskell, M G" uniqKey="Gaskell M" first="M. G." last="Gaskell">M. G. Gaskell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centre for Speech and Language, Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College, Malet Street</s1><s2>London WC1E 7HX</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>London WC1E 7HX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golden, R M" sort="Golden, R M" uniqKey="Golden R" first="R. M." last="Golden">R. M. Golden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, GR 41</s1><s2>Richardson, TX 75083-0688</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Richardson, TX 75083-0688</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haberlandt, K" sort="Haberlandt, K" uniqKey="Haberlandt K" first="K." last="Haberlandt">K. Haberlandt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Psychology, Trinity College</s1><s2>Hartford, CT 06106</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Hartford, CT 06106</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halford, G S" sort="Halford, G S" uniqKey="Halford G" first="G. S." last="Halford">G. S. Halford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Psychology Department, University of Queensland</s1><s2>4072 Queensland</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>4072 Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtz, K" sort="Kurtz, K" uniqKey="Kurtz K" first="K." last="Kurtz">K. Kurtz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Psychology, Stanford University</s1><s2>Stanford, CA 94305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Stanford, CA 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leiser, D" sort="Leiser, D" uniqKey="Leiser D" first="D." last="Leiser">D. Leiser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</s1><s2>Beer Sheva</s2><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Israël</country><wicri:noRegion>Beer Sheva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, G" sort="Marcus, G" uniqKey="Marcus G" first="G." last="Marcus">G. Marcus</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts</s1><s2>Amherst, MA 01003</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Memmi, D" sort="Memmi, D" uniqKey="Memmi D" first="D." last="Memmi">D. Memmi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>LEIBNIZ-IMAG-CNRS, 46 avenue Felix Viallet</s1><s2>38000 Grenoble</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oberlander, J" sort="Oberlander, J" uniqKey="Oberlander J" first="J." last="Oberlander">J. Oberlander</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Human Communication Research Centre, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh EH8 9LW Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohlsson, S" sort="Ohlsson, S" uniqKey="Ohlsson S" first="S." last="Ohlsson">S. Ohlsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M/C 285)</s1><s2>Chicago, IL 60607-7137</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Chicago, IL 60607-7137</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Skokowski, P" sort="Skokowski, P" uniqKey="Skokowski P" first="P." last="Skokowski">P. Skokowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>McDonnell-Pew Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Oxford University</s1><s2>Oxford, OX1 3UD</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Oxford, OX1 3UD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stufflebeam, R S" sort="Stufflebeam, R S" uniqKey="Stufflebeam R" first="R. S." last="Stufflebeam">R. S. Stufflebeam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program, Washington University, Campus Box 1073</s1><s2>St. Louis, MO 63130-4899</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>St. Louis, MO 63130-4899</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szilas, N" sort="Szilas, N" uniqKey="Szilas N" first="N." last="Szilas">N. Szilas</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Department of Psychology, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shultz, T R" sort="Shultz, T R" uniqKey="Shultz T" first="T. R." last="Shultz">T. R. Shultz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Department of Psychology, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinter, A" sort="Vinter, A" uniqKey="Vinter A" first="A." last="Vinter">A. Vinter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>L.E.A.D., C.N.R.S., University of Bourgogne</s1><s2>21000 Dijon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Bourgogne</region><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perruchet, P" sort="Perruchet, P" uniqKey="Perruchet P" first="P." last="Perruchet">P. Perruchet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>L.E.A.D., C.N.R.S., University of Bourgogne</s1><s2>21000 Dijon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Bourgogne</region><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, A" sort="Wells, A" uniqKey="Wells A" first="A." last="Wells">A. Wells</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Department of Social Psychology, The London School of Economics and Political Science</s1><s2>London WC2A 2AE</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>London WC2A 2AE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Behavioral and brain sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Behav. brain sci.</title><idno type="ISSN">0140-525X</idno><imprint><date when="1997">1997</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Behavioral and brain sciences</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Behav. brain sci.</title><idno type="ISSN">0140-525X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acquisition process</term><term>Cognition</term><term>Connectionism</term><term>Critical study</term><term>Human</term><term>Learning</term><term>Neural network</term><term>Representation</term><term>Statistical method</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Apprentissage</term><term>Connexionnisme</term><term>Réseau neuronal</term><term>Représentation</term><term>Méthode statistique</term><term>Etude critique</term><term>Cognition</term><term>Processus acquisition</term><term>Homme</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Méthode statistique</term><term>Homme</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Some regularities enjoy only an attenuated existence in a body of training data. These are regularities whose statistical visibility depends on some systematic recoding ofthe data. The space of possible recodings is, however, infinitely large - it is the space of applicable Turing machines. As a result, mappings that pivot on such attenuated regularities cannot, in general, be found by brute-force search. The class of problems that present such mappings we call the class of "type-2 problems." Type-1 problems, by contrast, present tractable problems of search insofar as the relevant regularities can be found by sampling the input data as originally coded. Type-2 problems, we suggest, present neither rare nor pathological cases. They are rife in biologically realistic settings and in domains ranging from simple animat (simulated animal or autonomous robot) behaviors to language acquisition. Not only are such problems rife - they are standardly solved! This presents a puzzle. How, given the statistical intractability of these type-2 cases, does nature turn the trick? One answer, which we do not pursue, is to suppose that evolution gifts us with exactly the right set of recoding biases so as to reduce specific type-2 problems to (tractable) type-1 mappings. Such a heavy-duty nativism is no doubt sometimes plausible. But we believe there are other, more general mechanisms also at work. Such mechanisms provide general (not task-specific) strategies for managing problems of type-2 complexity. Several such mechanisms are investigated. At the heart of each is a fundamental ploy - namely, the maximal exploitation of states of representation already achieved by prior, simpler (type-1) learning so as to reduce the amount of subsequent computational search. Such exploitation both characterizes and helps make unitary sense of diverse range of mechanisms. These include simple incremental learning (Elman 1993), modular connectionism (Jacobs et al. 1991), and the developmental hypothesis of "representational redescription" (Karmiloff-Smith 1979; 1992). In addition, the most distinctive features of human cognition - language and culture - may themselves be viewed as adaptations enabling this representation/computation trade-off to be pursued on an even grander scale.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Israël</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Bourgogne</li><li>Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</li><li>Illinois</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Missouri (État)</li><li>Québec</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Sussex de l'Est</li><li>Écosse</li></region><settlement><li>Amherst (Massachusetts)</li><li>Brighton</li><li>Chicago</li><li>Dijon</li><li>Falmer</li><li>Grenoble</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Saint-Louis (Missouri)</li><li>Édimbourg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université McGill</li><li>Université Washington de Saint-Louis</li><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li><li>Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</li><li>Université du Massachusetts</li><li>Université du Sussex</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Missouri (État)"><name sortKey="Clark, A" sort="Clark, A" uniqKey="Clark A" first="A." last="Clark">A. Clark</name></region><name sortKey="Berkeley, I S N" sort="Berkeley, I S N" uniqKey="Berkeley I" first="I. S. N." last="Berkeley">I. S. N. Berkeley</name><name sortKey="Golden, R M" sort="Golden, R M" uniqKey="Golden R" first="R. M." last="Golden">R. M. Golden</name><name sortKey="Haberlandt, K" sort="Haberlandt, K" uniqKey="Haberlandt K" first="K." last="Haberlandt">K. Haberlandt</name><name sortKey="Kurtz, K" sort="Kurtz, K" uniqKey="Kurtz K" first="K." last="Kurtz">K. Kurtz</name><name sortKey="Marcus, G" sort="Marcus, G" uniqKey="Marcus G" first="G." last="Marcus">G. Marcus</name><name sortKey="Ohlsson, S" sort="Ohlsson, S" uniqKey="Ohlsson S" first="S." last="Ohlsson">S. Ohlsson</name><name sortKey="Stufflebeam, R S" sort="Stufflebeam, R S" uniqKey="Stufflebeam R" first="R. S." last="Stufflebeam">R. S. Stufflebeam</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Thornton, C" sort="Thornton, C" uniqKey="Thornton C" first="C." last="Thornton">C. Thornton</name></region><name sortKey="Bullinaria, J A" sort="Bullinaria, J A" uniqKey="Bullinaria J" first="J. A." last="Bullinaria">J. A. Bullinaria</name><name sortKey="Chater, N" sort="Chater, N" uniqKey="Chater N" first="N." last="Chater">N. Chater</name><name sortKey="Damper, R I" sort="Damper, R I" uniqKey="Damper R" first="R. I." last="Damper">R. I. Damper</name><name sortKey="Elton, M" sort="Elton, M" uniqKey="Elton M" first="M." last="Elton">M. Elton</name><name sortKey="Gaskell, M G" sort="Gaskell, M G" uniqKey="Gaskell M" first="M. G." last="Gaskell">M. G. Gaskell</name><name sortKey="Oberlander, J" sort="Oberlander, J" uniqKey="Oberlander J" first="J." last="Oberlander">J. Oberlander</name><name sortKey="Skokowski, P" sort="Skokowski, P" uniqKey="Skokowski P" first="P." last="Skokowski">P. Skokowski</name><name sortKey="Wells, A" sort="Wells, A" uniqKey="Wells A" first="A." last="Wells">A. Wells</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dartnall, T" sort="Dartnall, T" uniqKey="Dartnall T" first="T." last="Dartnall">T. Dartnall</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Halford, G S" sort="Halford, G S" uniqKey="Halford G" first="G. S." last="Halford">G. S. Halford</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dominey, P F" sort="Dominey, P F" uniqKey="Dominey P" first="P. F." last="Dominey">P. F. Dominey</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dominey, P F" sort="Dominey, P F" uniqKey="Dominey P" first="P. F." last="Dominey">P. F. Dominey</name><name sortKey="Memmi, D" sort="Memmi, D" uniqKey="Memmi D" first="D." last="Memmi">D. Memmi</name><name sortKey="Perruchet, P" sort="Perruchet, P" uniqKey="Perruchet P" first="P." last="Perruchet">P. Perruchet</name><name sortKey="Vinter, A" sort="Vinter, A" uniqKey="Vinter A" first="A." last="Vinter">A. Vinter</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Leiser, D" sort="Leiser, D" uniqKey="Leiser D" first="D." last="Leiser">D. Leiser</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Québec"><name sortKey="Szilas, N" sort="Szilas, N" uniqKey="Szilas N" first="N." last="Szilas">N. Szilas</name></region><name sortKey="Shultz, T R" sort="Shultz, T R" uniqKey="Shultz T" first="T. R." last="Shultz">T. R. Shultz</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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